While I can't state definitively why Robin Hood in particular is seen by so many as the quintessential anthropomorphic character, I can say that he is a classic case of form following function in animated character design.
The studio chose to tell the "Robin Hood" story with animals. A fox, known for being a clever, attractive, and thieving animal, was the natural choice for the title roll. But there's one obvious problem with animating a more natural fox (such as Bagheera, who was a very natural panther); he has to draw a bow.
This becomes quite a trick for a natural fox. His shoulder blades rest on his sides, not across his back, which won't allow him to comfortably rotate his elbow up to eye level while keeping his "forearm" (front leg) straight and horizontal. Comparative anatomy between dog and human skeletons shows us that this is just the beginning of a natural fox's troubles with the role:
His humerus is too short to allow him to draw the bowstring all the way back to the level of his ear, he has no opposable thumbs to allow him to grasp the bow in the first place, and his toes are likely too short to hold an arrow to the string. Plus, standing on what amounts to his tiptoes to do all of this becomes rather awkward.
Famed Warner Brother's animator Chuck Jones had a simple formula for turning the hind legs of animals into easily animated human-like feet for anthropomorphic animals:
Anything covered by the shoe became the foot, while the sock covers the ankle and calf. This is exactly how Robin Hood's hind feet were redesigned. The rest followed in much the same way; The humerus and toes made it halfway to human proportions, and his shoulder blades now rest across his back. In fact, the earlier Robin Hood designs left even more of the natural fox behind in favor of a more cartoony look:
But form followed function again; Robin had to have a few serious moments in the story, so a slightly more "realistic" and less comedic design was chosen:
Though he's still far from being a natural fox in design. In fact, remove the clothing and have him stand on all fours and the design gets a bit weird:
In the end Disney's Robin Hood in a mix of mostly traditional animated fox with enough human anatomy to get through many of the same challenges that Erroll Flynn had to, including drawing that bow. You'll also notice that the muzzle of the character in the final film version gets slightly shorter over time than that in "model sheet #5". This is because animating dialog tends to be a bit easier on a shorter snout (Draco also had a comparatively short muzzle for a dragon):
As always; allow your character's design to follow the functions they must perform in the story. Doing so makes an animator's job much, much easier!
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ReplyDeleteThe placement of what is suppose to considered the whole foot is an interesting way to solve that problem, especially more complex animals. Also the placement of shoulders to have the animal still keep it's look but still do human things was interesting as well. There is a clear difference between original animal and anthropomorphism.
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ReplyDeletewithout knowledge of animal anatomy the problem with a natural fox using a bow wouldn't have been solved like it was. It gives me another way to look at designing my animal caricature.
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ReplyDeleteAwesome notes on the hindquarters, and I never noticed the changing of the nose size before! Thanks for the post!
ReplyDeleteThis post is super helpful! I am learning to draw animal people, and was trying to figure out just what it was I always enjoyed so much about the Disney Robin Hood design. This post explains a lot f it, and I love seeing the reasoning behind the design. It's definitely going to help me change the way I draw.
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ReplyDeletePretty interesting_ I wouldn't have thought to add shoes and socks to a four legged animail! The theory seems to work however- great post, very helpful.
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ReplyDeleteI think Chuck Jones concept of the sock and the shoe help me a lot in simplifying the anatomy of the animal and still keeping it within the context of the character. I also find this post helps with the holistic construction behind designing an anthropomorphic character.
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ReplyDeleteReally interesting to see what all went into Robin's character development! I will be sure to look carefully at the anatomy of whatever animal I choose this week before starting to work on its caricature.
ReplyDeleteReally interesting to see what all went into Robin's character development! I will be sure to look carefully at the anatomy of whatever animal I choose this week before starting to work on its caricature.
ReplyDeleteThis also helps explain why sometimes it is hard to distinguish what type of animal it is...when the design gets so far from the actual animal and looks much too human.
ReplyDeleteI've seen this movie a thousand times, and it's only now that I see the shoe and sock reference! This is mind blowing practicality and functionality at it's finest!
ReplyDeleteWow ! This is quite insightful ! I really liked the mention of Robin's snout getting smaller as the film progressed, I would sure like to re-visit the movie for it! I always had a confusion when it came to switching the anatomy of the animal scapula to suit an anthropomorphic need and Chuck Jones' technique definitely makes sense!!
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ReplyDeleteVery intriguing. It's interesting to see where they pushed the character for functionality purposes. Certainly you'd need to have him preform like a human as the story wasn't like the Jungle Book. That bit about the mouth is also insightful; never really thought how a long snout can cause problems with talking. When thinking of designing one's own characters, it seems important to keep enough of the animal that the audience can distinguish what it is, but put in just enough human to allow for animation. Thanks for the post!
ReplyDeleteI love the inner workings of animators! To see what goes on and how they create such incredible lifelike personalities out of animals is a wonder. So much thought goes into the smallest details. Anchoring Robin to Errol Flynn or adjusting his physiology to aid the story and animation are great practices to know.
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